Abstract
Wetland biogeochemical transformations are affected by flow and mixing in wetland surface water. We investigate the influence of wind on wetland water flow by simultaneously measuring wind and surface water velocities in an enclosed freshwater wetland during 1 day of strong‐wind conditions. Water velocities are measured using a Volumetric Particle Imager while wind velocities are measured via sonic‐anemometer. Our measurements indicate that the wind interacting with the vegetation canopy generates coherent billows and that these billows are the dominant source of momentum into the wetland water column. Spectral analysis of velocity time series shows that the spectral peak in water velocity is aligned with the spectral peak of in‐canopy wind velocity, and that this peak corresponds with the Kelvin‐Helmholtz billow frequency predicted by mixing layer theory. We also observe a strong correlation in the temporal pattern of velocity variance in the air and water, with high variance events having similar timing and duration both above and below the air‐water interface. Water‐side variance appears coupled with air‐side variance at least down to 5 cm, while the theoretical Stokes' solution predicts momentum transfer down to only 2 mm assuming transfer via molecular viscosity alone. This suggests that the wind‐driven flow contributed to significant mixing in the wetland water column.
Key Points:
Direct observation of wind‐water coupling in wetland with emergent vegetation
Flow instability at canopy top causes periodic bursts of strong water stirring
Wind‐stirring impacts gas exchange, but mechanism is different from open water