Abstract
Explores how national culture & membership strategies were employed by native Hawaiians & the haole (white settlers) to thwart or solidify US annexation during the rule of the last Hawaiian monarch, King Kalakaua (1874-1891), in the larger context of citizenship, the nation-state, & race. The growing influence & power of the haole is traced, beginning with the 1875 Reciprocity Treaty, which brought a one-crop (sugar) economy. The impact of immigration & deterioration of the situation of native Hawaiians are discussed. The efforts of King Kalakaua & Prime Minister Walter Murray Gibson's New Departure administration (1882-1887) to revive Hawaiian state-based nationalism are described. These created an imagined community, a broad-based notion of national identity. It is shown how the haole elite responded with a antimonarchy, anti-Hawaiian, puritanical ideology that rationalized its domination & consolidated its power, culminating in the Bayonet Revolution of 1887. It is concluded that Kalakaua's efforts both harmed & strengthened the power of the haole, who ultimately had to rely on force to achieve their goals. 4 Photographs. T. Arnold