Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) is enriched in diesel exhaust particulate matter (DPM) relative to other sources of particulate matter (PM), and has been proposed as a marker for DPM. However, in ambient air, 1-NP concentrations are typically in the low pg/m
3 range. Therefore, collection of large volume air samples coupled with extensive sample clean-up procedures has been required to achieve adequate detection limits to measure 1-NP in ambient samples. We report here an improved LC–MS/MS method suitable for the detection and quantification of 1-NP in low volume ambient PM samples. The method involves ultrasonic extraction of ambient PM in organic solvent, concentration of the sample under reduced pressure, and two-dimensional HPLC analysis of the extract. 1-NP is isolated on the first HPLC column, then converted to 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) via online reduction in a column packed with a Pt/Rh catalyst. The 1-AP containing fraction from the first column is refocused on a trapping column, then eluted through a second HPLC column prior to MS/MS detection. Deuterated (
d
9) 1-NP (1-dNP) is added to each sample prior to extraction as an internal standard for quantification of 1-NP. The accuracy and precision of the assay, as applied to ambient particulate standard reference materials are 110
±
5.7% for SRM 1650b, 116
±
7.1% for SRM 2975, 108
±
5.8% for SRM 1649a, and 53
±
9.2% for SRM 1648. The analytical limit of detection was 152
fg on column, and analytical limit of quantitation 221
fg on column. To our knowledge, the sensitivity of this method is comparable with GC–NICI–MS methods while having the advantage of considerably less extensive sample preparation. This method is an approximately 10-fold improvement in sensitivity over HPLC methods utilizing fluorescence and/or chemiluminescence detection.