Abstract
This thesis is a longue durée, multi-cultural, intellectual history that considers the role of abstract concepts within the evolution of science from 7th century BCE, Miletus to 10th century CE, Cairo. It examines primary sources to uncover the mathematical and metaphysical philosophy antecedent to critical advancements within the Hellenic, Hellenistic, and medieval Arabic-speaking world. Considering the interdisciplinary nature of the history of science, the author considered secondary sources authored by historians, philosophers of science, and mathematicians who considered relevant topics within the evolution of science. Upon examination of both primary and secondary sources, this thesis argues that metaphysical and mathematical abstractionism was a critical factor within the evolution of science to progress.