Abstract
Safety of passengers, and flight attendants during flight operation is critical and despite technological advancements, hard landings contribute to pose risks of injury and discomfort to occupants. Understanding the biomechanical effects of hard landings is essential for enhancing safety protocols and minimize associated risks. This thesis addresses the biomechanical consequences of hard landings on passengers and flight attendants. Hard landings, characterized by excessive vertical and horizontal forces upon touchdown, can lead to injuries ranging from minor discomfort to severe trauma (Analysis of orthopedic injuries in an airplane landing disaster and a suggested mechanism of trauma 2013).The challenge lies in understanding these dynamics to develop effective safety measures and mitigate injury risks. This thesis will analyze theoretical analysis, and experimental simulations. A 3-D model created in Catia of A321NEO an Airbus passenger airplane simulated in sim -wise 4D with a passenger sitting inside resembles real-world incidents which will enhance understanding of hard landing dynamics and their effects on aircraft occupants. These results should provide valuable insights into injury mechanisms and advise the development of safety measures.